The effect of gramicidin on oxidative phosphorylation When the protein gramicidin is integrated into a membrane, an H* channel forms and the membrane becomes very permeable to protons (H* ions). If gramicidin is added to an actively respiring muscle cell, how would it affect the rates of electron transport proton pumping, and ATP synthesis in oxidative phosphorylation? (Assume that gramicidin does not affect the production of NADH and FADH2 during the early stages of cellular respiration)