4.2. A hemoglobin molecule can carry one oxygen or one carbon monoxide molecule. Suppose that the two types of gases arrive at rates 1 and 2 and attach for an exponential amount of time with rates 3 and 4, respectively. Formulate a Markov chain model with state space fC; 0; g where C denotes an attached oxygen molecule, an attached carbon monoxide molecule, and 0 a free hemoglobin molecule and find the long run fraction of time the hemoglobin molecule is in each of its three states. Durrett, Richard. Essentials of Stochastic Processes (Springer Texts in Statistics) (p. 192). Springer International Publishing. Kindle Edition.

it can be observed without changing the identity of the object.

it depends on what substance you're talking about as well as many other factors. in quantum mechanics, the observation of particles affects the observers ability to measure certain properties. for example: you can know the velocity of a particle, but you can't know it's position; or you can know it's position, but not it's velocity. it's like trying to find out where a grain of sand is by throwing other grains of sand at it. once you find out where it is, it's been moved. it's also like trying to find an answer to the question of whether or not a tree falling in a forest makes a sound if nobody is there to hear it. paradoxically, the only way to find out is to be there and hear it.

i think tornado but not 100%