Chemistry, 12.03.2020 00:33 quintinjerome

A star whose core is less than 1.4 times the mass of the sun becomes a when it dies. Stars whose core is between 1.4 and 2.8 times the mass of the sun, it will collapse to

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Answer from: starreee

1 Dwarf star

2 pulsar neutron star or if possible a neutron star

Explanation:

final mass just before death is less than about 1.4 times the mass of the Sun (MSun). (We will explain why this mass is the crucial dividing line in a moment.) Note that most stars in the universe fall into this category. The number of stars decreases as mass increases; really massive stars are rare (see The Stars: A Celestial Census). This is similar to the music business where only a few musicians ever become superstars. Furthermore, many stars with an initial mass much greater than 1.4 MSun will be reduced to that level by the time they die. For example, we now know that stars that start out with masses of at least 8.0 MSun (and possibly as much as 10 MSun) manage to lose enough mass during their lives to fit into this category (an accomplishment anyone who has ever attempted to lose weight would surely envy).

In the last chapter, we left the life story of a star with a mass like the Sun’s just after it had climbed up to the red-giant region of the H–R diagram for a second time and had shed some of its outer layers to form a planetary nebula. Recall that during this time, the core of the star was undergoing an “energy crisis.” Earlier in its life, during a brief stable period, helium in the core had gotten hot enough to fuse into carbon (and oxygen). But after this helium was exhausted, the star’s core had once more found itself without a source of pressure to balance gravity and so had begun to contract.

This collapse is the final event in the life of the core. Because the star’s mass is relatively low, it cannot push its core temperature high enough to begin another round of fusion (in the same way larger-mass stars can). The core continues to shrink until it reaches a density equal to nearly a million times the density of water! That is 200,000 times greater than the average density of Earth. At this extreme density, a new and different way for matter to behave kicks in and helps the star achieve a final state of equilibrium. In the process, what remains of the star becomes one of the strange white dwarfs that we met in The Stars: A Celestial Census.

Answer from: Quest

pre-sliced bread is a relatively recent development in baking technology. previous to that, it was always sold in a bakery in daily-made contiguous loaves with no wrapping, and was moderately perishable, usually being used with a day or two (which is why every bakery had a discounted “day-old” bread table.) therefore, pre-sliced bread would grow stale quickly. the hard crust provided a protective layer, and once the exposed dry slice left from the previous cut was removed, the interior was still soft.

what keeps bread soft is the moisture retained in the crumb (the light spongy part that’s not crust). the reason the crust develops is the surface of the dough gets exposed to hot dry air during baking which browns the outer layer and seals it, preventing all the moisture from escaping the dough. longer exposure to air will also eventually cause your bread to lose flavor and become stale.

people were used to cutting slices as they needed them and storing bread in a specially-made wooden or metal breadbox or pail with a lid to preserve it longer, but the first automatically sliced commercial loaves were produced on july 6, 1928, in chillicothe, missouri, using a machine invented by otto rohwedder, an iowa-born, missouri-based jeweler.[1] pre-sliced bread would indeed dry out, were it not for another 20th century technology: the plastic bag. bread could now be pre-sliced, and if the enclosing bag remains sealed as much as possible, the bread will remain soft and fresh for longer than if sitting unwrapped on a shelf or enclosed in a bread box that is not air-tight. sealed packaging meant bread could also be sold on store shelves and eliminate frequent trips to a bakery.

sealing bread in a plastic bag had another effect: the moisture in the loaf will re-distribute into the crust and soften it, which is sometimes more pleasing in a sandwich - especially for children whose teeth might not yet be strong enough to tear through a hard crust. a homemade loaf of bread can be sealed in a bag overnight and the crust will become soft like store-bought sandwich bread.

these were novel changes in how bread was produced and sold, which led to the coining of the phrase “the greatest thing since sliced bread.”

Answer from: Quest

answer: the value of enthalpy change will be -152.80 kj.

solution:

pressure = 1atm , temperature = $25^oc$ = 298 k $)0^oc=273kelvins$

$o_3+3no\rightarrow 3no_2,\delta h_{reaction}=? [/)</p><p>[tex]\delta h_{no}=90.4kj/mol$

$\delta h_{no_2}=33.85kj/mol$

$\delta h_{o_3}=142.2kj/mol$

$\delta h_{reaction}=\sum \delta h_{products}-\sum\delta h_{reactants}=3\times\delta h_{no_2}-(3\times \delta h_{no}+\delta h_{o_3})$

$\delta h_{reaction}=33.85-(90.4+142.2)=-311.85kj/mol$

given that pressure and temperature are same in both gases , the number of moles of both gases can be determined by the ideal gas equation.

$v_{no}=12.00 l,v_{o_3}=8.50 l$

$pv_{no}=n_{no}rt=1atm \times 12.00 l=n_{no}\times 0.0821 atml/k mol \times 298 k$

$n_{no}=0.49 moles$

$pv_{o_3}=n_{o_3}rt=1atm \times 8.50 l=n_{o_3}\times 0.0821 atml/k mol \times 298 k$

$n_{o_3}=0.34 moles$

according to reaction 3 moles no are reacting with 1 mol of $o_3$ ,then 0.49 mol of no will react with $\frac{1}{3}\times 0.49$ moles of ozone that is 0.16 moles of ozone. since, no is limiting reagent and $o_3$ is an excessive reagent.