Electron transfer translocates protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the inner membrane space, establishing a pH gradient across the inner membrane (outside more acidic than inside). The tendency of protons to diffuse back into the matrix is the driving force for ATP synthesis by ATP synthase. During oxidative phosphorylation by a suspension of mitochondria in a medium of pH 7.4, the pH of the matrix has been measured as 7.7.

(a) Calculate [H+] in the external medium and in the matrix under these conditions.

(b) What is the outside-to-inside ratio of [H+]? Comment on the energy inherent in this concentration difference. (Hint: See Eqn 11-3, p. 409)

(c) Calculate the number of protons in a respiring liver mitochondrion, assuming its inner matrix compartment is a sphere of diameter 1.5 μm.

(d) From these data, is the pH gradient alone sufficient to generate ATP?

(e) If not, suggest how the necessary energy for synthesis of ATP arises.

The last few miles of the marathon are the most difficult for heather, her hair plastered to her head, sweat clinging to her arms, and her legs already feeling as if they had nothing left, just dead weight. after grabbing a cup of ice water, she feels the ice cubes smash against her nose as she gulps some cool refreshment and keeps on running. in these last few miles, the breeze kicks up and she finally feels some coolness against her skin. drips of sweat, once clinging to her forehead, now spill down, and heather feels more pain as the sweat flows into her eyes. which of the following is the most likely reason why the ice struck heather’s nose when she took a drink? a) water can function as a solvent. b) water can store large amounts of heat. c) water can moderate temperatures through evaporative cooling. d) the density of water decreases when it freezes. e) water has a cohesive nature. sweat remained on heather’s forehead and arms because of the a) high salt content of sweat b) cohesive nature of water c) ability of water to moderate heat d) high evaporative cooling effect of water e) ability of water to act as a solvent

Which symbol can be used to indicate the pressure at which a chemical reaction is carried out? 25°c 2 atm pa

Juju.01) 5 geologic events a group of students designed an experiment in an ice rink to represent the solar system. the steps of the experiment are listed below. 5: geologic events 1. choose a student to represent the sun. the planets are represented by two tennis balls. 2. ask the student to hold the tennis balls in each palm and spin on the ice with arms stretched out. 3. ask the student to draw in the arms after about 10 spins. 4. observe the student's arms rotate faster when they are closer to the body. 05 geologic events enors) the experiment most likely demonstrates that (2 points) 07 discussion-based sessment/module planets exert gravitational force on the sun the sun exerts gravitational force on the planets 3.07 discussion-based ssessment speed of a planet depends on its distance from the sun new version available! (3.0.119) get it now submit 18.07: module exam description