As the electron transport carriers shuttle electrons, they actively pump into the outer membrane compartment, setting up a concentration gradient called the proton motive force.

Hydrogen ions or protons

Explanation:

Electron transport carriers is a series of complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane. This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP, a molecule that stores energy chemically in the form of highly strained bonds. The molecules of the chain include peptides, enzymes (which are proteins or protein complexes), and others. The final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain during aerobic respiration is molecular oxygen although a variety of acceptors other than oxygen such as sulfate exist in anaerobic respiration.

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the formula for the conversion of temperature from degree celsius to kelvin is:

the sample of water at is converted to kelvin temperature by using the above formula as:

on comparing the two samples of water at or we can say that at and at respectively. the difference between the temperatures of two samples of water is:

hence, one can say that the sample of water at is greater than the sample of water at by .