The pKa of lactic acid is 3.9. A lactate buffer will be useful from pH values . The pKa of lactic acid is 3.9. A lactate buffer will be useful from pH values . 3.0 through 4.5 3.8 through 4.0 2.9 through 4.9 3.5 through 4.4

Explanation:

The usefulness of a buffer is its ability to resist changes in pH when small quantities of base or acid are added to it. This ability is the consequence of having both the conjugate base and the weak acid present in solution which will consume the added base or acid.  

This capacity is lost if the ratio of the concentration of conjugate base to the concentration of weak acid differ by an order of magnitude. Since  buffers having ratios differing by more will have their pH driven by either the weak acid or its conjugate base .

From the Henderson-Hasselbach equation we have that

pH = pKa + log [A⁻]/[HA]

thus

0.1 ≤  [A⁻]/[HA] ≤ 10

Therefore the log of this range is -1 to 1, and the pH will have a useful range of within +/- 1 the pKa of the buffer.

Now we are equipped to answer our question:

pH range = 3.9 +/- 1 = 2.9 through 4.9

you need to take a look at the periodic system in order to sort these elements into pairs that would most likely exhibit similar chemical properties. first, you need to find elements that are found in the same group (groups are vertical in the periodic system), and then to see whether they have the same valence number. if they meet these criteria, they will have similar properties.

the first pair: ne (neon) and kr (krypton), are noble gases found in group 8

the second pair: li (lithium) and k (potassium), found in group 1

the third pair: s (sulfur) and te (tellurium), found in group 6

14,16 18 reacts with group