Which of the following statements are false? I. It takes less energy to add an electron to nitrogen than to carbon because nitrogen will be closer to achieving a noble gas configuration. II. It takes more energy to add an electron to fluorine than to oxygen because the radius of fluorine is smaller and more repulsion would occur in the p-orbitals. III. It takes more energy to add an electron to nitrogen than to carbon because of the extra repulsions that would occur in the 2p orbitals. IV. Less energy is released in adding an electron to iodine than to chlorine because the radius of iodine is larger a

I and II

Explanation:

I. It will take more energy to add an electron to nitrogen than to carbon in order to achieve a noble gas configuration because nitrogen the outer shell (p-orbital) of nitrogen is filled with three electrons which will require alot of energy to add the required five electrons to achieve a noble gas configuration. Carbon on the other hand has four electrons in its outer shell which makes it more closer to achieving a noble gas configuration than nitrogen

II. The radius of flourine is not smaller compared to oxygen because fluorine has more electron than oxygen this makes its atomic radius increases due to the addition of energy shell.

1. the question asks the most appropriate, which seems to rule out "all of the above." your choice appears to be the correct one.

2. the protocol described is good for identifying correlation, but not cause and effect. for cause/effect, you need to devise a protocol that will assign the treatment (or not) to groups that have essentially the same "demographics" with respect to all the other variables. your choice regarding control group seems appropriate. random assignment of treatment (choice d) may be appropriate also. (i think you can argue that b and d are just different descriptions of the same method.)

3. d will randomize the birds, but may not guarantee there are 10 in each group. e will do both, so seems the better choice.

comment on question 2

based on the problem statement, it seems clear that confident, attentive drivers are more likely to use daytime running lights. so, the protocol might need to be devised in such a way that the lights would be turned on or off without the driver's knowledge. (an attentive driver will figure it out.) assigning a confident, attentive driver to a group required to drive without running lights might mess with his/her confidence and attentiveness. you don't want your experiment to do that. (nor do you want the experiment to subject a driver to greater risk of accident as a consequence of driving without running lights.) experiments involving human safety are always problematic.