The energy that is released when hydrogen ions pass through ATP synthase provides the energy needed to form ADP and phosphate from ATP. true or false

True.

Explanation:

This process is known as chemiosmosis in which there is a movement of ions across semipermeable membrane. Hydrogen ions moves from region of its higher concentration to the region of lower concentration.  As this process belongs to the diffusion or osmosis of water molecules across cell membrane that is why known as chemiosmosis.

ATP synthase is an enzyme which function is to form ATP by using free energy generated in result of movement of hydrogen ions.

answer: - 3.) the oxidation state of nitrogen in no changes from +2 to 0, and the oxidation state of carbon in co changes from +2 to +4 as the reaction proceeds.

solution: - as per the rules, oxidation number of oxygen in its compounds is -2. the sum of oxidation numbers of all the elements of a molecule or compound is zero.

also, the oxidation number in elemental form is zero.

in no, the oxidation number of o is -2 so the oxidation number of n is +2 so that the sum is zero.

similarly, the oxidation number of c in co is +2 and o is -2.

on product side the oxidation number of n is 0 as it is in the elemental form() .

oxidation number of c in carbon dioxide is +4 as there are two oxygen in it and we know that each oxygen is -2.

so, oxidation number of n is changing from +2 to 0 and the oxidation number of c is changing from +2 to +4.

since nitrogen is reduced and hence no is acting as an oxidizing agent. carbon is oxidized and so co is acting as a reducing agent.

so, the right choice is number 3.)the oxidation state of nitrogen in no changes from +2 to 0, and the oxidation state of carbon in co changes from +2 to +4 as the reaction proceeds.

it is stable as it is in group 0 which have full outer shells of electrons