Beer brewing begins with steeping grains in hot water, releasing the sugars inside. The sugar water is then heated to a boil and hops added. The hot temperature of the boil extracts oils from the hops and provides sanitation from unwanted bacteria. The whole mess is cooled down and once it is safe enough for the yeast to survive, they are added. The yeast converts the sugars to alcohol, and the oils from the hops provide many things including flavor and antibacterial benefits.
a. If 16.5 lbs of grain at 67 degrees F are added to 5 gals of hot water and the equilibrium temperature of the mixture is to be 154 degrees F, what must the initial temperature (strike temperature) of the hot water be? The specific heat of malt grains is about 0.44 times that of water. Also, assume no energy is lost during the time the system comes to equilibrium.
b. During the one-hour steeping stage, where the water and grain mixture started at 2 degrees the mixture only lost 2 degrees What was the average energy per time lost by the mixture.
c. Enhancement: For this week's enhancement l will provide you with a question. You might wonder how much did it cost to heat the 5 gallons of tap water initially at 110 degrees to the strike temperature? Assume the heating takes 47 minutes, electricity costs 15 not C per kilowatt-hour, and only 10% of energy is lost during heating.

The answers to the question are

a. 166.64 ° F

b. 217990.08 J/hour or 60.55 J/s = 60.55 watts

c. 13.C

Explanation:

a. To solve the question we list out the given variables thus

mass of grain = 16.5 lbs

Temperature of grain = 67 °F

Volume of hot water = 5 gals = ‪0.02273‬ m³

Equilibrium temperature of the mixture = 154 °F

Specific heat capacity of the grain = 0.44 times specific heat capacity  of water

Therefore we have

Heat supplied by hot water = heat gained by mixture

Density of the water = 997 kg/m³ which gives

Therefore the mass of the water = (Density of the water) × (Volume of the water) = (997 kg/m³) × ‪(0.02273‬ m³) = 22.66181 kg

Therefore the heat supplied by the water =22.66 kg×1000 g/kg ×4.2 J/g°C×(Tₓ -‪67.78 °C) = ‪7.48 kg×1000 g/kg×0.44×4.2 J/g°C×(67.78 -‪19.44)

= 95172 × (Tₓ -‪67.78 °C) =668205.7536 J

(Tₓ -‪67.78 °C) = 7.02 from where Tₓ = 74.80 °C = ‪166.64 ° F

The initial temperature (strike temperature) of the hot water = 74.80 °C = 166.64 ° F

b. Where the mixture lost two degrees we have

22.66 kg×1000 g/kg ×4.2 J/g°C×2 °C + ‪7.48 kg×1000 g/kg×0.44×4.2 J/g°C×2  °C = 217990.08 J therefore the average energy lost per unit time = 217990.08 J/hour or 60.55 J/s

c. To find out how much it cost we have

Heat energy required to raise 5 gallons of water from 110 °F to 166.64 °F we have

22.66 kg×1000 g/kg ×4.2 J/g°C×(74.8 °C-‪43.33 °C) = 2994745.92 J

Energy lost during the heating = 10% = 299474.59 J

Total energy supplied 2994745.92 J + 299474.59 J  = 3294220.5 J

Time for heating = 47 minutes, therefore rate of energy consumption = (3294220.5 J)/ (47×60) = 1168.163 Watt 1.168 kW

Cost of energy = 15.C per kilowatt-hour therefore 1.168 kW for 47 minutes will cost

1.168 kW ×47/60×15 = 13.C

therefore it cost 13.C to heat the 5 gallons of tap water initially at 110 ° F to the strike temperature 166.64 °F

substituting a hydrogen atom with a halogen in a hydrocarbon:

- the single bond remains single. a is wrong.

- the bond with hydrogen is as strong as with a halogen. c is wrong

- a hydrocarbon is saturated if there is no double bond. we do not know that so d is wrong.

- carbon will always have four valence electrons. e is wrong.

by elimination, the correct answer is b. the boiling point of the new compound increases.