The rate of a reaction can be increased by all of the following except: a. adding a catalyst. b. increasing the surface area of the reactants. c. increasing the volume of the reaction vessel increasing the temperature. d. increasing the concentration of the reactants.

The rate of a reaction can be increased by all the above options except by increasing the volume of the reaction vessel (Option c).

In conclusion, the rate of a reaction can be increased by all the above options except by increasing the volume of the reaction vessel (Option c).

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Option C) increasing the volume of the reaction vessel

Explanation:

The factors increasing the rate of reaction include:

- surface area of reactants

powdered substances react faster than chips-like substances

- temperature of surrondings

Increase in temperature of surrondings favors endothermic reactions

- concentration of reactants

As concentration of reactants increases, collision of reactants particles occur faster

- addition of catalyst

Catalyst help to lower the activation energy for reactants to quickly yield products

However, increasing the volume of the reaction vessel neither increases nor decreases reaction rate because the reaction vessel is not one of the reacting species at all. Thus, it will not increase the rate of reaction