Would anyone be able to give a good explanation of what
wouldhappen if stored aspirin is left exposed to the environment,
andhow it would affect titration readings. would the
titrationreading go up or down, and why?
the aspirin here is made from a synthesis lab containingacetic
anhydride, salicylic acid, and concentrated sulfuric acid (the
catalyst).

Answer and Explanation:

Aspirin is odorless, but when left exposed to air in the environment, it gradually hydrolyzes into salicylic acid and acetic acid as that is the precursor for synthesizing Aspirin.

Using this hydrolyzed aspirin for titration would not be advised, because it would affect the reading of the titration. Ordinarily, apsirin is a weak acid and direct titration of aspirin is problematic because it hydrolyzes pretty fast to salicylic acid— leading to an unwanted side reaction which may or may not go to completion. Therefore, excess base must be added and heat is supplied to the mixture so that neutralization and hydrolysis are complete. The remaining base is then titrated. This is called back titration.

Now, in back titration, instead of using solution whose concentration is expected to be known, we rather use excess volume of reactant which has been left over after the completion of a reaction with the analyte.

In this case, we use an alkali, preferably NaOH (1.0 mol/dm³). Te unused NaOH remaining after the hydrolysis is titrated against a standard HCl (0.1 mol/dm³). Then from the reaction equation of the aspirin and sodium hydroxide, the amount of NaOH required for the hydrolysis can be calculated.

Answering whether the titration goes up or down, it would be observed that the titration reading would GO DOWN because the exposed aspirin used has experienced some form of hydrolysis before it was used for titration, so the hydrolysis reaction it would undergo with acetyl-salicylic acid would be minimal, and this would affect the titration reading.

But if the aspirin wasn't left exposed to the environment, the reading would go up since more hydrolysis would take place in this case.

acid rain does not usually kill trees directly. instead, it is more likely to weaken the trees by damaging their leaves, limiting the nutrients available to them, or poisoning them with toxic substances slowly released from the soil. the main atmospheric pollutants that affect trees are nitrates and sulphates.

the answer is d. 74.02