Gluconeogenesis is the conversion of pyruvate to glucose. this metabolic pathway needs several cofactors to complete the conversion. complete the unbalanced equation to generate one equivalent of glucose.
1 pyruvate + 2 nadh + 2 atp + 2 gtp → 1 glucose + 2 nad+ + 2 adp + 2 gdp + 2 pi

predict the positions of the glucose molecule that would become labeled from pyruvate (the label in the carboxyl group of pyruvate).

(a) carbon 3
(b) carbon 4
(c) carbon 5
(d) carbon 1
(e) carbon 6
(f) carbon 2

answer: - 3.) the oxidation state of nitrogen in no changes from +2 to 0, and the oxidation state of carbon in co changes from +2 to +4 as the reaction proceeds.

solution: - as per the rules, oxidation number of oxygen in its compounds is -2. the sum of oxidation numbers of all the elements of a molecule or compound is zero.

also, the oxidation number in elemental form is zero.

in no, the oxidation number of o is -2 so the oxidation number of n is +2 so that the sum is zero.

similarly, the oxidation number of c in co is +2 and o is -2.

on product side the oxidation number of n is 0 as it is in the elemental form() .

oxidation number of c in carbon dioxide is +4 as there are two oxygen in it and we know that each oxygen is -2.

so, oxidation number of n is changing from +2 to 0 and the oxidation number of c is changing from +2 to +4.

since nitrogen is reduced and hence no is acting as an oxidizing agent. carbon is oxidized and so co is acting as a reducing agent.

so, the right choice is number 3.)the oxidation state of nitrogen in no changes from +2 to 0, and the oxidation state of carbon in co changes from +2 to +4 as the reaction proceeds.

in the analysis of systems that involve fluid flow, we frequently encounter the combination of properties u and pv.

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