Atypical ion channel radius is about 1 nm (nanometer), and the thickness of the cell membrane is about 7 nm. the concentration of na+ ions inside a mammalian heart cell is about 0.6 ions/nm3, and in the fluid surrounding the cell is about 6.0 ions/nm3. the diffusion constant for ions is about 109 nm2/s (nanometers2/second). if the channel were just an open cylinder, how many ions per second would flow through the channel?

For cyclohexane compounds drawn in a chair conformation:   -axial bonds are vertical  -equatorial bonds are parallel to two bonds within the ring.  thus, as i assume the chair conformation is drawn:   -the x group is in an axial position, as are the five other vertical bonds.  -three axial bonds are on the top face of the ring  -the other three axial bonds are on the bottom face  the position of the second substituent on each ring carbon is equatorial.  gauche groups must be on an adjacent carbon such as carbon 6 and carbon 2, and also gauche groups are rotated by 60 degrees relative to each other.  drawing the newman projections for c1–c2 and c1–c6 aids in visualizing the groups that are gauche to the y group on c1.  click this link and watch some academic videos that may you more understand the topic 

If a hydrogen atom is neutral, it must also have  one electron. an oxygen atom (o) has an atomic number of eight (8). this means a neutral oxygen atom has eight protons and eight electrons. the element actium (ac) has an atomic number of 89, so it has 89 protons and 89 electrons in a neutral atom

Matter- occupies space and possesses rest massno matter is the opposite