What is the correct term for the impact that distance from the ocean can have on climate?

the way in which relative distance from the ocean can produce significant differences in climate is termed as

Continentality

Explanation:

Both questions refer to continentality. This term explains why the distance from the ocean is a fundamental factor in defining the climate of a place. The remoteness of the ocean makes difficult for humid air to reach some regions, which, as a consequence, show less rainfall and a high thermal amplitude (thermal amplitude refers to the difference between the maximum and minimum temperature values of an area).

For example, the coastal areas have moderate temperatures while the interior of the continents undergoes great thermal contrasts because of its different distance from the ocean.