Conduct metric titration of h_2(so_4) and ba(oh)_2 write an equation (including states of matter) for the reaction between h_2(so_4) and ba(oh)_2 at the very start of the titration, before any titrant has been added to the beaker, what is present in the solution? what is the conducting species in this initial solution? describe what happens as titrant is added to the beaker. why does the conductivity of the solution decrease? what is the identity of the solid formed? what is the conducting species present in the beaker? what happens when the conductivity value reaches its minimum value (which is designated as the equivalence point for this type of titration)? what is the conducting species in the beaker? describe what happens at additional titrant is added past the equivalence point. why does the conductivity of the solution increase? what is the conducting species present in the beaker?

a) H₂SO₄ + Ba(OH)₂ ⇄ BaSO₄(s) + 2 H₂O(l)

b) H₂SO₄, H⁺, HSO₄⁻, SO₄²⁻. H₂O, H⁺, OH⁻.

c) H⁺, HSO₄⁻, SO₄²⁻

d) As the titration takes place, reaction [1] proceeds to the right. The conductivity of the solution decreases because the amount of H⁺, HSO₄⁻, SO₄²⁻ decreases. The formed solid is barium sulfate BaSO₄. Since BaSO₄ is very insoluble, the main responsible for conductivity are still H⁺, HSO₄⁻ and SO₄²⁻,

e) At the equivalence point equivalent amounts of H₂SO₄ and Ba(OH)₂ react. The conducting species are Ba²⁺, SO₄²⁻, H⁺ and OH⁻.

f) After the equivalence point there is an excess of Ba(OH)₂. The ions Ba²⁺ and OH⁻ are responsible for the increase in the conductivity, being the major conducting species.

Explanation:

a) Write an equation (including states of matter) for the reaction between H₂SO₄ and Ba(OH)₂.

The balanced equation is:

H₂SO₄ + Ba(OH)₂ ⇄ BaSO₄(s) + 2 H₂O(l)   [1]

b) At the very start of the titration, before any titrant has been added to the beaker, what is present in the solution?

In the beginning there is H₂SO₄ and the ions that come from its dissociation reactions: H⁺, HSO₄⁻, SO₄²⁻. There is also H₂O and a very small amount of H⁺ and OH⁻ coming from its ionization.

H₂SO₄(aq) ⇄ H⁺(aq) + HSO₄⁻(aq)

HSO₄⁻(aq) ⇄ H⁺(aq) + SO₄²⁻(aq)

H₂O(l)  ⇄ H⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq)

c) What is the conducting species in this initial solution?

The main responsible for conductivity are the ions coming from H₂SO₄: H⁺, HSO₄⁻, SO₄²⁻.

d) Describe what happens as titrant is added to the beaker. Why does the conductivity of the solution decrease? What is the identity of the solid formed? What is the conducting species present in the beaker?

As the titration takes place, reaction [1] proceeds to the right. The conductivity of the solution decreases because the amount of H⁺, HSO₄⁻, SO₄²⁻ decreases. The formed solid is barium sulfate BaSO₄. Since BaSO₄ is very insoluble, the main responsible for conductivity are still H⁺, HSO₄⁻ and SO₄²⁻,

e) What happens when the conductivity value reaches its minimum value (which is designated as the equivalence point for this type of titration)? What is the conducting species in the beaker?

At the equivalence point equivalent amounts of H₂SO₄ and Ba(OH)₂ react. Only BaSO₄ and H₂O are present, and since they are weak electrolytes, there is a small amount of ions to conduct electricity. The conducting species are Ba²⁺ and SO₄²⁻ coming from BaSO₄ and H⁺ and OH⁻ coming from H₂O.

f) Describe what happens at additional titrant is added past the equivalence point. Why does the conductivity of the solution increase? What is the conducting species present in the beaker?

After the equivalence point there is an excess of Ba(OH)₂. The ions Ba²⁺ and OH⁻ are responsible for the increase in the conductivity, being the major conducting species.

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