What conditions will cause a redox reaction to be nonspontaneous?
o
a. the sum of the voltages of the oxidation and reduction half-
reactions is positive.
o
b. the reduced element is higher on the potential list than the
oxidized element.
the half-reaction for the reduced element has a negative standard
potential.
o
d. the sum of the voltages of the oxidation and reduction half-
reactions is negative.