Sulfur has a lower ionization energy than chlorine because 1. the effective nuclear charge of sulfur is less than that of chlorine. 2. sulfur has a greater ionization energy than chlorine. 3. the outer orbitals of sulfur are located farther from the nucleus than the outer orbitals of chlorine. 4. the effective nuclear charge of sulfur is greater than that of chlorine. 5. sulfur elevates one of its p electrons to a d orbital, thus making it easier to remove the electron.

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the term hydride is commonly named after binary compounds that hydrogen forms with other elements of the periodic table. hydride compounds in general form with almost any element, except a few noble gases. the trends and properties vary according to the type of intermolecular force that bonds the elements together, the temperature, its molecular masses, and other components. hydrides are classified into three major groups, depending on what elements the hydrogen bonds to. the three major groups are covalent, ionic, and metallic hydrides. formally, hydride is known as the negative ion of a hydrogen, h-, also called a hydride ion. because of this negative charge, hydrides have reducing, or basic properties. its special characteristics will be further discussed.

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