18 an important environmental consideration is the appropriate disposal of cleaning solvents. an environmental waste treatment company analysed a cleaning solvent, j, and found it to contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine only. the chemical composition of j was determined using different analytical chemistry techniques. combustion reaction: combustion of 1.30 g of j gave 0.872 g co2 and 0.089 g h2o. precipitation reaction with agno3(aq): 0.535 g of j gave 1.75 g agcl precipitate. (a) determine the percentage by mass of carbon and hydrogen in j, using the combustion data. (3) (b) determine the percentage by mass of chlorine in j, using the precipitation data. (1) (c) the molar mass was determined to be 131.38 g mol–1. deduce the molecular formula of j.

a) Percentage by mass of carbon: 18.3%

   Percentage by mass of hydrogen: 0.77%

b)  Percentage by mass of chlorine: 80.37%

c) Molecular formula:

Explanation:

Firstly, the mass of carbon must be determined by using a conversion factor:

The same process is used to calculate the amount of hydrogen:

The percentage by mass of carbon and hydrogen are calculated as follows:

%C= 18.3%

%H=0.77%

From the precipation data it is possible obtain the amount of chlorine present in the compound:

= 0.43g AgCl

Let's calculate the percentage by mass of chlorine:

%Cl== 80.37%

Assuming that we have 100g of the compound, it is possible to determine the number of moles of each element in the compound:

Dividing each of the quantities above by the smallest (0.77mol), the  subscripts in a tentative formula would be

≈ 2

≈3

The empirical formula for the compound is:

The mass of this empirical formula is:

mass of C + mass of H + mass of Cl= 24g +1+ 106.35 =131.35g

This mass matches with the molar mass, which means that the supscript in the molecular formula are the same of the empirical one.

alkaline metals are lithium, sodium, rubidium, potassium, cesium and francium.

alkali metals have electronegativity from 0.7 to 1, lowest in periodic table of elements, which means that alkali metals (i group in periodic table) has positive oxidation number in compounds.

electronegativity is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons towards itself.

alkaline metals (far left in main group) have lowest ionizations energy and easy remove valence electrons,

for example, potassium is the alkali metal and has a single valence electron in the outer electron shell.

electron configuration of potassium is: ₁₉k 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s¹.

they can not exist alone in nature, because they are very reactive.