In distillation separation, breaking of azeotropes can be achieved
a. by changing system pressure
b. by adding an entrainer
c. by adding a solvent and using liquid-liquid extraction
d. by all of the above methods

c) by adding a solvent and using liq-liq extraction

Explanation:

azeotrope is a liquid mixture of defined composition that boil a constant temperature and behaves as if it were formed by a single component.

when adding anhother compondent (solvent) , changes the molecular interaction and eliminates the azeotropes.

then in the liquid-liquid extraction, the component of  the solution distributed in inmiscibles phases are separated.

- both b and d.

-since b and d are the closest coastlines then that makes it the most affected.

< 3

as given the equation is

2al + 6 hcl > 2 alcl3 + 3 h2(g)

as per equation two moles of aluminum reacts with six moles of hcl to give two moles of alcl3 and three moles of hydrogen gas

given: three moles of al are present and 7 moles of hcl

for three moles of aluminum nine moles of hcl will be required

however as 7 moles of hcl are present so the limiting reagent is hcl

hcl is going to decide the number of moles of product formed

when six moles of hcl are present = 3 moles of h2 are formed

when one mole of hcl is present == 3/6 mole sof h2 will be formed

when 7 moles of hcl are present = 3 x 7/ 6 moles of h2 will be formed = 3.5 moles of h2