Propanoic acid has a boiling point of 141 °c, propanamide has a boiling point of 213 °c, and propanal has a boiling point of 48 °c. rationalize the differences in boiling point between these three compounds.

Explanation:

As it is given that boiling point of propanamide is very high. So, reason for this is that easy formation of hydrogen bonds which are strong enough that we have to provide large amount of heat to break it.

As in , the hydrogen atoms which are present are positive in nature. Due to this they are able to form hydrogen bonds with the neighboring oxygen atom.

Hence, these bonds are so strong that high heat needs to given to break them.

A propanoic acid contain carboxylic group as the functional group. So, this group is also able to form hydrogen bonding as it forms a hydrogen bond between an acid group and hydroxyl group of neighboring molecule.

Hence, it will also require high heat to break the bond due to which there will be increase in boiling point.

In propanal, there is presence of aldehyde functional group and three carbon atoms chain which will not form strong bonding with the hydrogen atom of CHO. Due to this there will exist weak Vander waal's force that is not at all strong enough.

As a result, less energy will be needed to break the bonds in propanal. Hence, it has very low boiling point.

Most smaller stars don't have a radiative zone.

D. is the answer hope that you