Viscosity measurement ofa liquid. one use of the hagen-poiseuille equation (2.10-2) is in determining the viscosity of a liquid by measuring the pressure drop and velocity of the liquid in a capillary of known dimensions. the liquid used has a density of 912 kg/m and the capillary has a diameter of 2.222 mm and a length of ó.1585 m. the measured flow rate was 5.33 x 10- m'/s of liquid and the pressure drop 131 mm of water (density 996 kg/m'). neglecting end effects, calculate the viscosity of the liquid in pa s.

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explanation:

metals have excess of electrons whereas non-metals have deficiency of electrons. thus, in order to gain stability metals easily donate their electrons to the non-metals.

for example, electronic configuration of sodium is and electronic configuration of phosphorous is .

when a phosphorous atom and sodium atom combine together then sodium will donate is extra one electron to the phosphorous atom. as a result there will be formation of ionic bond between sodium and phosphorous.

the reaction will be as follows.

there, are three sodium sodium atoms and each of them will donate its one extra electron to phosphorous atom. thus, the sub-shell of phosphorous gets completely filled.  

thus, we can conclude that electrons are transferred from atoms of sodium to atoms of phosphorous. this transfer makes the sodium atoms donate one electron and the phosphorous atoms to gain one electron. as a result, the sodium and phosphorus atoms strongly attract each other.