Which of the following requires an increase in kinetic energy?

liquid ➡ solid

gas ➡ solid

gas ➡ liquid

solid ➡ gas

 solid ➡ gas

Explanation:

Solid state : In this state, the molecules are arranged in regular and repeating pattern. The molecules are closely packed that means they are fixed and vibrate in place but they can not move from one place to another. and thus have least kinetic energy.

For example : Copper

Liquid state : In this state, the molecules are present in random and irregular pattern. The molecules are closely packed but they can move from one place to another.. they have intermediate kinetic energy between solids and gases.

For example : water

Gaseous state : In this state, the molecules are present in irregular pattern. The molecules are not closely packed and they can move freely from one place to another and spread out.  They have highest kinetic energy.

For example : Helium gas

since the atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus, as we move to the left on the periodic table, the electrostatic pull between the nucleus and the valence electron shell decreases. as we move down a group (vertical column), the valence shell energy level gets further and further from the nucleus.