For alkyl halides used in sn1 and sn2 mechanisms, rank the leaving groups in order of reaction rate.



fastest slowest

Iodide > Bromide > Chloride > Fluoride

Explanation:

For the case of the Sn1 reactions, let's remember that in this kind of reactions, we form a carbocation intermediate. This formation is done when the electrons of the carbon - halogen bond is transfered to the halogen we are talking. When this happens, and the halogen leaves the molecule, the halogen could be either strong or weak. Is the base is weaker, then this means that the carbocation is formed faster.

According to this, if we have the HI, HCl, HBr and HF, it's clearly obvious that the conjugate base of these acids, are I-, Br-, Cl, F-. And because the F- is the most electronegative element of the periodic table, this do not contribute a lot to the location of electrons in the base, and it's a very small atom compared to the Cl, Br and I. Therefore, The F atom would be the weaker and the Iodine would be the strongest.

In a Sn2 reaction, we do not form carbocation but the strength of the reaction comes with the strength in the carbon - halogen bond. Is the bond is weaker, this promoves a faster Sn2 reaction. As the Carbon - Fluoride is the most stronger bond because of Fluoride electronegativity, this makes the bond stronger to break and that's why it still the slowest leaving group.

Therefore the order of leaving groups for either Sn1 and Sn2 is:

I > Br > Cl >>F

question: ray weighs 100 kilograms, his wrestling partner, bobby, weighs 50 kilograms. if ray moves at 4 m s , how fast will bobby have to run at him to apply an equal amount of kinetic energy?

answer: 8 m/s he needs to run twice as fast to keep up so he has some work to do

explanation:   if the mass has units of kilograms and the velocity of meters per second, the kinetic energy has units of kilograms-meters squared per second squared.

question answered by

(jacemorris04)

answer : one can design an experiment using a liquid and an additive that can be added to the liquid and observe the chemical changes in the reaction species.

one would need a beaker which is filled with a known amount of the liquid in which thermometer is placed to measure the temperature changes; after addition of the additive to the liquid solution one can note down the temperature change and find whether the reaction is endothermic or exothermic in nature. by subtracting the initial temperature value with the final temperature one can find the temperature changes.

various combinations of liquid and additive can be used. liquid in this case can be a known quantity of water and additives can be epsom salt or without epsom salt the experiment can be conducted to notice the changes. water and ice, hydrogen peroxide and dry yeast, vinegar and baking soda,etc.