Chemistry, 25.06.2019 08:00 Derrick253

Basic substance formed by chlor- alkali process

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The chloralkali or chlorine-alkali industry is an essential component of the chemical industry and generates sodium hydroxide and chlorine via the electrolysis of NaCl (table salt). The prime raw material is brine, that is, a saturated solution of NaCl, which is attained from the deposits of natural salt.

The products of this industry possess various essential uses like chlorine is used as a disinfectant, and is used to purify water, and for various other uses. Caustic soda or sodium hydroxide is also used for various applications like making cleaning agents and soap, making paper, purifying bauxite, and making rayon.

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Answer from: Quest

assuming that your periodic table has eighteen columns, you should highlight the four elements in the third column from the left of the table.

explanation

neutral atoms of elements after calcium contain d electrons. the energy of d orbitals of a particular main shell lies between the energy of the s and p orbitals of the next main shell. for example, electrons in the $3d$ have energy higher than those in the $4 s$ orbital while lower than those of the $4 p$ orbital.

by the aufbau principle, electrons fill orbitals one at a time, starting from those of the lowest energy. the $4s$ orbital is therefore filled right after $3p$ orbitals and before $3 d$ orbitals.

potassium has electron configuration $[\text{ar}] 4 s^{1}$ and calcium $[\text{ar}] 4 s^{2}$ . the s orbital of a main shell holds a maximum of two electrons. the next element would thus have the electron configuration $[\text{ar}] 4 s^{2} \; 3d^{1}$ and satisfy the requirements.

a neutral atom of the element contains three electrons on top of the most recent noble gas element. it should thus be placed in the third column of the periodic table. both scandium and yttrium would satisfy the conditions. an aufbau diagram indicates that the 4f orbital is filled before the 5d. however, it appears that exceptions exists for both lanthanum and actinium. neutral atoms of the two d-block elements also demonstrate the $ns^{2} \; (n-1) p^{1}$ and should be highlighted as well.

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Basic substance formed by chlor- alkali process...