Consider a balloon with volume v. it contains n moles of gas and has an internal pressure of p. the temperature of the gas is t. the balloon is placed in a freezer at temperature 0.75t. the freezer is pressurized at 1.25p. which of these could be the final volume of the balloon?

Given that the gas inside the balloon is an ideal gas, then the ideal gas equation can be used to describe the system. I think the correct answer from the choices listed above is option B. If the balloon is heatedto a temperature of 15.5T while it is placed under a high pressure of 15.5P, then the volume of the balloon stays the same since the change in temperature corresponds to same degree of change with pressure.

Consider a balloon with volume V. It contains n moles of gas and has an internal pressure of P. The temperature of the gas is T. The balloon is placed in a freezer at temperature 0.75T. The freezer is pressurized at 1.25P. Which of these could be the final volume of the balloon?

answer 0.60V

The balloon is removed from the freezer and returned to its initial conditions. It is then heated to a temperature of 2T at a pressure of 2P. How does the volume of the balloon change?

it does not change

If the number of moles of gas increases to 1.5n, what is the new volume if pressure and temperature are held constant?

1.5V

answers on ed I'm putting the last 3 because I was struggling on them as well :)

a rain shadow is a dry region of land on the side that is protected against the prevailing winds of a mountain range. the prevailing winds are the winds that occur most of the time in a particular place of the earth

prevailing winds carry air toward the mountain range. as the air rises up over a mountain range, the air cools, water vapor condenses, and clouds form. on this side of the mountains, called the windward side, precipitation falls in the form of  rain  or snow. this dry air produces a  rain shadow.

pre-sliced bread is a relatively recent development in baking technology. previous to that, it was always sold in a bakery in daily-made contiguous loaves with no wrapping, and was moderately perishable, usually being used with a day or two (which is why every bakery had a discounted “day-old” bread table.) therefore, pre-sliced bread would grow stale quickly. the hard crust provided a protective layer, and once the exposed dry slice left from the previous cut was removed, the interior was still soft.

what keeps bread soft is the moisture retained in the crumb (the light spongy part that’s not crust). the reason the crust develops is the surface of the dough gets exposed to hot dry air during baking which browns the outer layer and seals it, preventing all the moisture from escaping the dough. longer exposure to air will also eventually cause your bread to lose flavor and become stale.

people were used to cutting slices as they needed them and storing bread in a specially-made wooden or metal breadbox or pail with a lid to preserve it longer, but the first automatically sliced commercial loaves were produced on july 6, 1928, in chillicothe, missouri, using a machine invented by otto rohwedder, an iowa-born, missouri-based jeweler.[1] pre-sliced bread would indeed dry out, were it not for another 20th century technology: the plastic bag. bread could now be pre-sliced, and if the enclosing bag remains sealed as much as possible, the bread will remain soft and fresh for longer than if sitting unwrapped on a shelf or enclosed in a bread box that is not air-tight. sealed packaging meant bread could also be sold on store shelves and eliminate frequent trips to a bakery.

sealing bread in a plastic bag had another effect: the moisture in the loaf will re-distribute into the crust and soften it, which is sometimes more pleasing in a sandwich - especially for children whose teeth might not yet be strong enough to tear through a hard crust. a homemade loaf of bread can be sealed in a bag overnight and the crust will become soft like store-bought sandwich bread.

these were novel changes in how bread was produced and sold, which led to the coining of the phrase “the greatest thing since sliced bread.”