Why do some types of batteries stay fresh longer if they are kept in a refrigerator? a. cooling increases the surface area inside the batteries. b. cooling increases the concentration of the reactants in the batteries. c. cooling lowers the rate of the chemical reaction in the batteries. d. cooling is similar to adding a catalyst to the batteries.

Cooling lowers the rate of the chemical reaction in the batteries.

Explanation:

When a battery is not in use and it may undergo some chemical changes which leads to decrease in its life (shelf life).

For example in case of Zinc battery, the zinc undergoes reaction with ammonia which deteriorate the cell or battery.

Now if we keep the battery in a cool place like refrigerator, the rate of chemical reaction will decrease (the rate of reaction generally decreases with decrease in temperature). Thus the battery stay fresh longer.

hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain only hydrogens and carbons. they can be saturated (those which contain only carbon-carbon single bonds) or unsaturated (those which contain carbon-carbon double or triple bonds) in nature. hydrocarbons can undergo several reactions like substitution, elimination etc.  

on substituting one or more hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbon it results in the formation of haloalkane. as the halogen atoms are large compared to the carbon and hydrogen atoms, due to which the molecular weight increases and the bond become polar because of presence electronegative halogen atom and results in the increase in boiling point of the haloalkane.

thus, the correct option is (b) that is the boiling point of the new compound increases on substituting a hydrogen atom with a halogen in a hydrocarbon.