What is this process of producing more offspring than possibly survive called?

Darwin's Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection.

Darwin divided this theory into multiple parts but overall it fits into Darwin's Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection, so that would be your answer.

In case you're wondering about the others:

1. Organisms produce more offspring than actually survive.

2. Every organism must struggle to survive.

3. There is variation within a species.

4. Some variations allow members of a species to survive and reproduce better than others.

5. Organisms that survive and reproduce pass their traits to their offspring, and the helpful traits gradually appear in more and more of the population.

(these are brief explanations, they go into more detail)

Good luck!

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explanation:

let the different atoms be x and y. each with four protons and same mass will be represented as follows.

mass number is number of protons + number of neutrons.

            and  

since, it is given that one has a negative charge while the other is neutral. therefore, there will be increase in number of protons and the atom will be represented as follows.

according to periodic table, mass number of beryllium is 9 and it has atomic number 4 so, the atoms will be and .  

the protons and neutrons will be located inside the nucleus whereas the electrons will be revolving around the nucleus.