The molecular mass of methane (ch4) is 16.05g/mol and it has a boiling point of -164°c. the molecular mass of water (h2o) is 18.02g/mol, but it has a boiling point of 100°c. although these two molecules have similar molecular masses, why is the boiling point of water much higher than methane?

Intermolecular interactions between molecules of water are stronger than those between molecules of methane.

Molecules of water form hydrogen bondings and experience relatively strong intermolecular interactions. Water molecules contain bonds with hydrogen atoms bonded directly to oxygen atoms. Oxygen atoms are highly electronegative and in a hydrogen-oxygen bond the oxygen atom would take strong control over the electron pair it shares with the hydrogen atom. The hydrogen atom would be thus demonstrate a strong partial-positive charge and is capable of strongly attracting lone pairs of electrons on oxygen atoms of neighboring water molecules.

Methane molecules are nonpolar and experience intermolecular forces weaker than those found in water. Atoms of carbon are less electronegative than those of oxygen. Carbon-hydrogen bonds in molecules of methane are thus weakly-polarized and there's little incentive for hydrogen atoms to actively interact neighboring molecules. The four hydrogen-carbon bonds in a methane molecule are equally-weak in polarity and are arranged symmetrically in a tetrahedral geometry. Molecules of methane are therefore nonpolar. The only intermolecular interaction found in methane is induced dipole, when random turbulences shift electrons to one side of methane molecules, such that they start to attract each other momentarily as the dipole propagate across the molecules. The interaction produced is relatively weak as methane contain a small number of electrons.

Boiling a substance require overcoming intermolecular interactions and taking its particles apart. Raising the temperature of a sample of fixed mass increase the average energy of particles it comprises. Breaking hydrogen bonds between molecules of water takes more energy than overcoming the transient induced dipole in an equal amount of methane. Therefore it takes more energy to boil the same amount of water than equal amount of methane.

alkaline metals are lithium, sodium, rubidium, potassium, cesium and francium.

alkali metals have electronegativity from 0.7 to 1, lowest in periodic table of elements, which means that alkali metals (i group in periodic table) has positive oxidation number in compounds.

electronegativity is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons towards itself.

alkaline metals (far left in main group) have lowest ionizations energy and easy remove valence electrons,

for example, potassium is the alkali metal and has a single valence electron in the outer electron shell.

electron configuration of potassium is: ₁₉k 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s¹.

they can not exist alone in nature, because they are very reactive.

a pan containing water is placed in a positio n where it is exposed to a 10 mile per hour wind. the pan contains a uniform depth of 1.27 cm of water, is quite wide, and has a length of 2.44 m in the wind direction. the water in the pan is at a constant temperature of 15.5 °c.