Effective ways for addressing defects in the human-technology interface include:

Answer;

Testing the technology in real-world situations

Explanation;

-Human interface technology is a new science which must be understood by all surgeons in order to cope with the ever-increasing complexity of surgical practice. It is the understanding of how humans comprehend, interact, and use the world around them.

-To address the defects of human technology interface, the design process should be literative, allowing for evaluation and correction of identified problems.  Literation is the act of repeating a process usually with the aim of approaching a desired goal or target or result.

the answer is c.the valence of the atoms combine .