Maryann went to see her hair stylist, Ginger. Maryann who had brown, curly hair, requested straight, blond hair. Ginger told her that she could make that change, but there would be significant upkeep involved. Ginger made the change, but Maryann did not do the upkeep required. She also falsely claimed that Ginger did not do what Maryann asked her to do, that Ginger lied to her, and that Ginger was professionally incompetent. Maryann made the statements to friends of hers, including Gilligan, Thurston, a professor, a skipper, and Eunice. She also wrote an editorial in her college newspaper and on a ratings website, Yelp, to the effect that Ginger's shop should be avoided at all costs because Ginger was incompetent. In fact, Ginger was a good hair stylist and enjoyed a good reputation up until the time that Maryann started her criticism. Ginger threatened to sue Maryann for defamation, but Maryann told Ginger that Ginger could not prevail because Ginger could not prove loss of income. Ginger had to admit that while her reputation had been damaged somewhat, the damage was primarily among the college population. Her income kept increasing from other segments of the community, and she had suffered no net loss. Required:
The defamation printed in the school newspaper and posted on Yelp would be :