Assume for a moment that your four years of college cost you $12,000 a year in out-of-pocket expenses and you give up another $12,000 a year in what you would have earned had you worked full time. Assume the real interest rate is 2 percent. Since the expenses incurred in the second, third, and fourth years are in the future, you must discount them by using the interest rate, in your case, 2 percent.

If a firm plans to issue new stock, flotation costs (investment bankers' fees) should not be ignored. there are two approaches to use to account for flotation costs. the first approach is to add the sum of flotation costs for the debt, preferred, and common stock and add them to the initial investment cost. because the investment cost is increased, the project's expected return is reduced so it may not meet the firm's hurdle rate for acceptance of the project. the second approach involves adjusting the cost of common equity as follows: . the difference between the flotation-adjusted cost of equity and the cost of equity calculated without the flotation adjustment represents the flotation cost adjustment. quantitative problem: barton industries expects next year's annual dividend, d1, to be $1.90 and it expects dividends to grow at a constant rate g = 4.3%. the firm's current common stock price, p0, is $22.00. if it needs to issue new common stock, the firm will encounter a 6% flotation cost, f. assume that the cost of equity calculated without the flotation adjustment is 12% and the cost of old common equity is 11.5%. what is the flotation cost adjustment that must be added to its cost of retaine

Which of these is an example of innovation?

George retired from a local law firm and then volunteered to oversee a nonprofit's legal records. george is performing the duties of a: