You are in an argument with a good friend who is explaining to you that sport and physical activity are not really important in the history of the world. Your friend tells you that politics, racial divisions, class divisions, nationalism, global industries, educational systems, and other such forces have shaped the modern globe but that sport and physical activity are just fun and games, idle amusement unrelated to any larger historical issues. Sport and physical activity are just not significant in modern history claims your friend. Please explain why your friend is wrong. Use five examples from the semester to substantiate your arguments (You can use examples from any level covered).

(a) what was the opportunity cost of non-gm food for many buyers before 2008? (b) why did they prefer the alternative? (c) what was the opportunity cost in 2008? (d) why did it change?

Reliability and validity reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. in the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways. unfortunately, being consistent in measurement does not necessarily mean that you have measured something correctly. to illustrate this concept, consider a kitchen scale that would be used to measure the weight of cereal that you eat in the morning. if the scale is not properly calibrated, it may consistently under- or overestimate the amount of cereal that’s being measured. while the scale is highly reliable in producing consistent results (e. g., the same amount of cereal poured onto the scale produces the same reading each time), those results are incorrect. this is where validity comes into play. validity refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure. while any valid measure is by necessity reliable, the reverse is not necessarily true. researchers strive to use instruments that are both highly reliable and valid.

Michael works in an it firm that is well known for making innovative products. michael is asked to develop a product that would serve an unmet need. though he has many ideas for it, none of them quite fits the bill. he finally decides to stand back from the problem for a period of time and ceases to consciously think about the yet-to-be-developed product. after a week, as he looks over his notes, he realizes the solution. the period of time in which michael did not consciously work on the problem is referred to as