Pierre, a cash basis, unmarried taxpayer, had $5,480 of state income tax withheld during 2020. Also in 2020, Pierre paid $1,370 that was due when he filed his 2019 state income tax return and made estimated payments of $3,836 towards his 2020 state income tax liability. When Pierre files his 2020 Federal income tax return in April 2021, he elects to itemize deductions, which amount to $16,550, including the state income tax payments and withholdings, all of which reduce his taxable income.

a progressive tax is a tax that imposes a lower tax rate on low-income earners compared to those with a higher income, making it based on the taxpayer's ability to pay. that means it takes a bigger percentage from high income earners than it does from low income people.

i do believe its modular luck

explanation:

ans.

heterothermic organisms include those organisms that can switch between homeothermic (having body temperature higher than environment) and poikilothermic (having variation in internal body temperature) strategies.

some migratory birds show heterothermy as they decrease their metabolic rate during cold nights to keep their body temperature low. drop in metabolic rate allows increase in production efficiency of birds that reduces the internal body temperature to make it equal to external cold temperature during cold nights.

thus, the correct answer is 'birds allow their temperature drop in order to increase their production efficiency.'

answervulnerability assessment;