For 2020, Ms. Deming earned wages totaling $225,000. Required:
1. Calculate any 0.9 percent additional Medicare tax owed, assuming that Ms. Deming is single.
2. Calculate any 0.9 percent additional Medicare tax owed, assuming that Ms. Deming files a joint return with her husband who earned $100,000 of wages for 2019.

Additional Medicare is charged on the wages that are higher than $200,000.

1. Medicare owed assuming Ms. Deming is single:

= (225,000 - 200,000) * 0.9%

= 25,000 * 0.9%

= $225

2. Medicare owed assuming Ms. Deming files a joint return with her husband.

When filed together, their wages would be considered jointly.

= ( (100,000 + 225,000) - 200,000) * 0.9%

= 125,000 * 0.9%

= $1,125

cognitive overload: having a lot on your mind impairs decision-making and tends to result in the simplest, but not necessarily best, option being selected.

empathy gaps: overlooking how you might feel in a different situation can result in unnecessary purchases, such as overbuying when shopping for food on an empty stomach.

optimism and overconfidence: wearing rose-tinted glasses and having unrealistic expectations about the future can affect money management and leave you unprepared for a change in circumstance.

instant gratification: seeking instant gratification drives impulsive spending and can undermine long-term planning and savings.

harmful habits: automatic or mindless behaviour can amplify a poor financial decision as it becomes a recurring event.

social norms: we are heavily influenced by the actions of others; while this can be in certain circumstances, it also contributes to the pressure to keep up with the joneses through conspicuous consumption.

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