Flemington Farms is evaluating an extra dividend versus a share repurchase. In either case, $15,000 would be spent. Current earnings are $2.80 per share, and the stock currently sells for $75 per share. There are 2,800 shares outstanding. Ignore taxes and other imperfections. The PE ratio will be if the firm issues the dividend as compared to if the firm does the share repurchase.

Which of the following mechanisms would be most likely to motivate managers to act in the best interests of shareholders? a) decrease the use of restrictive covenants in bond agreements, b) take actions that reduce the possibility of a hostile takeover, c) elect a board of directors that allows managers greater freedom of action, d) increase the proportion of executive compensation that comes from stock options and reduce the proportion that is paid as cash salaries, e) eliminate a requirement that members of the board directors have a substantial investment in the firm's stocks

Reliability and validity reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. in the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways. unfortunately, being consistent in measurement does not necessarily mean that you have measured something correctly. to illustrate this concept, consider a kitchen scale that would be used to measure the weight of cereal that you eat in the morning. if the scale is not properly calibrated, it may consistently under- or overestimate the amount of cereal that’s being measured. while the scale is highly reliable in producing consistent results (e. g., the same amount of cereal poured onto the scale produces the same reading each time), those results are incorrect. this is where validity comes into play. validity refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure. while any valid measure is by necessity reliable, the reverse is not necessarily true. researchers strive to use instruments that are both highly reliable and valid.

On december 1, 2017, bigham corporation pays a dividend of $4.00 on each share of its common stock. vanessa and gena, two unrelated shareholders, each own 5,000 shares of the stock. vanessa has owned her stock for two years while gena purchased her stock on november 3, 2017. how does each shareholder treat the $20,000 dividend from bigham