Why is an audit usually done by an independent auditing company instead of the financial managers themselves?

Suppose an economist believes that the price level in the economy is directly related to the money supply, or the amount of money circulating in the economy. the economist proposes the following relationship: p=a x m - p=price level - m=money supply - a=a composite of other factors, including real gdp, that change very slowly over time. how might an economist gather empirical data to test the proposed relationship between money and the price level? an economist would persuade the federal reserve to change the money supply to various levels, and observe the resulting changes in the price level. unlike researchers in the hard sciences, economists cannot study complex relationships using data. economists do not usually develop theoretical models of the economy but only analyze summary statistics about the current state of the economy. an economist would look for data on past changes in the money supply, and note the resulting changes in the price level

Why should managers invest any excess cash

You own 2,200 shares of deltona hardware. the company has stated that it plans on issuing a dividend of $0.42 a share at the end of this year and then issuing a final liquidating dividend of $2.90 a share at the end of next year. your required rate of return on this security is 16 percent. ignoring taxes, what is the value of one share of this stock to you today?