Ambiguity can arise as to whether receivables have been sold or instead are being used as collateral for a loan whenever certain obligations, duties, or rights regarding the transferred receivables are retained by the transferor. In distinguishing between sales and collateralized borrowings using receivables, the critical issue: a. is whether the transferor surrenders control over the receivables.
b. comes down to how clearly the rights, etc. being retained are specified in the transfer agreement.
c. is whether any gain or loss related to the transfer is recognized in earnings.
d. is whether the terms regarding the transfer were initiated by the transferor or transferee.

is whether the transferor surrenders control over the receivables

Explanation:

In Sales of Receivables and Collateralized Borrowing,.companies do not want to wait for payments to arrive as they simply quickens cash collection with help of bank or financing company and also factoring and collateralized borrowings are various means to speed up cash collections. In Collateralized borrowing, receivables are simply collateral. Company gets cash from bank and is saddle with the responsibility for repaying loan.

Issues regarding collateralized borrowing are the sales of receivables had the purchaser is called a factor, borrowing using receivables as collateral and accounts receivable is not wipe off from seller's books.

in 2001, dell computer became the world’s largest personal computer vendor, continuing to

gain market share and post profits in an industry struggling with slumping sales and billions of

dollars in losses. dell sells 90% of its pcs directly to the final customer, largely bypassing the

reseller channel that accounts for most of the world’s pc sales. this direct customer relationship

is the key to dell’s business model, and provides distinct advantages over the indirect sales

model. dell’s direct relationship with the customer allows it to tailor its offerings to customer

needs, offer add-on products and services, and use the internet to offer a variety of customer

services. in addition, dell’s pcs are built to customers’ specifications upon receipt of an order,

giving dell additional advantages over indirect pc vendors who must try to forecast demand and

ship products based on those forecasts. dell’s direct sales and build-to-order model has achieved

superior performance in the pc industry in terms of inventory turnover, reduced overhead, cash

conversion, and return on investment (kraemer, et al., 2000).

explanation: