Before building a full-scale version of her spreadsheet model, Julie constructs a smaller version of the spreadsheet. Julie is performing which step of the modeling process?

Many years ago, sprint telecommunications aired an advertisement intended to demonstrate the clarity of reception sprint customers could expect. the ad showed a rancher, who had used a different company, complaining that he had ordered 100 oxen from his supplier and instead received 100 dachshunds. the mix-up was probably due to the presence of in the communication process.