What are spot rates and forward rates? Purple Panda Importers, a U. S. company, produces and exports industrial machinery overseas. It recently made a sale to a Japanese manufacturing firm for ¥625 million, but the Japanese firm has 60 days before it must make the payment to Purple Panda Importers The spot exchange rate is ¥132.78 per dollar, and the 60-day forward rate is ¥134.72 per dollar. Is the yen selling at a premium or at a discount in the forward market relative to the U. S. dollar? The yen is trading at a discount in the forward market. In the forward market, the yen is trading at a premium. If the customer pays Purple Panda Importers the ¥625 million today, how much will Purple Panda Importers receive in dollars? $5.42 million $4.24 million $5.89 million $4.71 million Assuming that the forward market is correct and the spot exchange rate in 60 days will equal the 60-day forward exchange rate today, Purple Panda Importers would get more dollars if the Japanese firm paid off its account .

1. As you have to spend more Yens for 1 USD at future date, it means that Yen is selling at discount in the forward market relative to the US Dollar.

2. The spot exchange rate is ¥132.78 per dollar, hence, total dollars Purple Panda Importers will receive today is ¥625 million/¥132.78 = $4.71 million

3.  Purple Panda Importers would get more dollars if the Japanese firm paid off its account today.That is, he will get more money if the account is paid today.

cognitive overload: having a lot on your mind impairs decision-making and tends to result in the simplest, but not necessarily best, option being selected.

empathy gaps: overlooking how you might feel in a different situation can result in unnecessary purchases, such as overbuying when shopping for food on an empty stomach.

optimism and overconfidence: wearing rose-tinted glasses and having unrealistic expectations about the future can affect money management and leave you unprepared for a change in circumstance.

instant gratification: seeking instant gratification drives impulsive spending and can undermine long-term planning and savings.

harmful habits: automatic or mindless behaviour can amplify a poor financial decision as it becomes a recurring event.

social norms: we are heavily influenced by the actions of others; while this can be in certain circumstances, it also contributes to the pressure to keep up with the joneses through conspicuous consumption.