Modernization theory argues that a. high-income countries have a responsibility to give free resources to low-income countries. b. low-income societies can develop economically only if they give up their traditional ways and adopt modern economic institutions, technologies, and cultural values that emphasize savings and productive investment. c. low-income countries must preserve their traditional cultures to develop. d. state-run economies are most efficient for creating modernized countries.

4. understanding different policy options to correct for negative externalities carbon dioxide emissions have been linked to global warming. the following table lists some possible public policies aimed at reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the air. for each policy listed, identify whether it is a command-and-control policy (regulation), tradable permit system, corrective subsidy, or corrective tax. public policy command-and-control policy tradable permit system corrective subsidy corrective tax the government charges factories $110 for every ton of carbon dioxide they emit. the government orders every factory to adopt a new technology, which reduces carbon-dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. trees take carbon dioxide out of the air and convert it to oxygen, so the government funds a tree-planting initiative by offering $110 to any citizen who plants a tree. the government limits total carbon-dioxide emissions by all factories to 180,000 tons per month. each individual factory is given the right to emit 140 tons of carbon dioxide, and factories may buy and sell these rights in a marketplace.