Kaselitz Corp. issued a $100,000, 9%, 5-year bond on 1/1/16. Interest is paid each June 30 and December 31. The bond sold for $104,055 to yield 8%. The effective interest method is used. Cash interest paid to the bondholders in 2016 is:

You are the manager of a large crude-oil refinery. as part of the refining process, a certain heat exchanger (operated at high temperatures and with abrasive material flowing through it) must be replaced every year. the replacement and downtime cost in the first year is $165 comma 000. this cost is expected to increase due to inflation at a rate of 7% per year for six years (i. e. until the eoy 7), at which time this particular heat exchanger will no longer be needed. if the company's cost of capital is 15% per year, how much could you afford to spend for a higher quality heat exchanger so that these annual replacement and downtime costs could be eliminated?