JP Pharmaceuticals has redesigned many jobs to make the work more interesting and challenging. The company encourages its employees to further their education by reimbursing them up to $5,000 per year for tuition and related expenses. JP also recognizes worker achievements at a company picnic each spring and a company party in December. Talented employees are given promotions and added responsibilities. These policies suggest that management at JP Pharmaceuticals is using the findings of:

The business cycle is the periodic but irregular up-and-down movement in economic activity, measured by fluctuations in real gross domestic product (gdp) and other macroeconomic variables. a business cycle is typically characterized by four phases—recession, recovery, growth, and decline—that repeat themselves over time. economists note, however, that complete business cycles vary in length. the duration of business cycles can be anywhere from about two to twelve years, with most cycles averaging six years in length. some business analysts use the business cycle model and terminology to study and explain fluctuations in business inventory and other individual elements of corporate operations. but the term "business cycle" is still primarily associated with larger (industry-wide, regional, national, or even international) business trends.

The answer is b) market forces