Suppose the transfers of pillars to the Lantern Division cut into sales to outside customers by 14,000 units. Further suppose that an outside supplier is willing to provide the Lantern Division with basic pillars at $1.27 each. If the Lantern Division had chosen to buy all of its pillars from the outside supplier instead of the Pillar Division, the change in net operating income for the company as a whole would have been:

Which of the following actions would be most likely to reduce potential conflicts of interest between stockholders and managers? a. change the corporation's formal documents to make it easier for outside investors to acquire a controlling interest in the firm through a hostile takeover. b. eliminate a requirement that members of the board of directors must hold a high percentage of their personal wealth in the firm's stock. c. for a firm that compensates managers with stock options, reduce the time before options are vested, i. e., the time before options can be exercised and the shares that are received can be sold. d. pay managers large cash salaries and give them no stock options. e. beef up the restrictive covenants in the firm's debt agreements.