The text discusses Captain Michael Abrashoff and how he changed his traditional management style to a more "bossless" leadership style to transform the USS Benfold’s crew of demoralized sailors into confident and inspired problem solvers to take the initiative. Some of Captain Abrashoff’s methods for becoming less of a boss and more of a leader included all of the following except:.
a. leading by example. b. creating a climate of trust. c. generating unity. d. taking both calculated and uncalculated risks. e. communicating purpose and meaning.

d. taking both calculated and uncalculated risks.

Explanation:

Captain Michael Abrashoff became the commander of United States Ships, USS Benfold at age thirty-six (36).

Captain Michael transited from his traditional management style to a more "bossless" leadership style, so as to transform the USS Benfold’s crew of demoralized sailors into confident and inspired problem solvers to take the initiative.

Captain Abrashoff’s approach in becoming a "bossless" (less of a boss) commander and more of a leader are;

- Leading his team by example.

- Creating a climate of trust among the USS Benfold’s crew of demoralized sailors.

- Generating unity in the crew, to foster oneness and boost their morale and team spirit.

- Communicating purpose and meaning to ensure the team work hard efficiently and effectively

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ans.

heterothermic organisms include those organisms that can switch between homeothermic (having body temperature higher than environment) and poikilothermic (having variation in internal body temperature) strategies.

some migratory birds show heterothermy as they decrease their metabolic rate during cold nights to keep their body temperature low. drop in metabolic rate allows increase in production efficiency of birds that reduces the internal body temperature to make it equal to external cold temperature during cold nights.

thus, the correct answer is 'birds allow their temperature drop in order to increase their production efficiency.'