Currency exchange rates.
On the day you arrive in England, the exchange rate for U. S. dollars and British pounds is $1:pound 0.49. You have $3 comma 700, which you convert to pounds. While you remain in England for the next two weeks, the exchange rate falls to $1:£0.45. As you leave England, you convert the £146 you have left to dollars.

How much did you spend in England in U. S. dollars? Did the movement in the exchange rate help or hurt you? How much did you spend in England in U. S. dollars?

The business cycle is the periodic but irregular up-and-down movement in economic activity, measured by fluctuations in real gross domestic product (gdp) and other macroeconomic variables. a business cycle is typically characterized by four phases—recession, recovery, growth, and decline—that repeat themselves over time. economists note, however, that complete business cycles vary in length. the duration of business cycles can be anywhere from about two to twelve years, with most cycles averaging six years in length. some business analysts use the business cycle model and terminology to study and explain fluctuations in business inventory and other individual elements of corporate operations. but the term "business cycle" is still primarily associated with larger (industry-wide, regional, national, or even international) business trends.