In determining a property’s before-tax cash flow from operations (BTCF) and net operating income (NOI), it is important to understand how each accounts for the use of financial leverage in its calculation.
Which of the following statements is true in regards to how these two measures account for the use of financial leverage?

a) BTCF and NOI are both levered cash flows.
b) BTCF is an unlevered cash flow, while NOI is a levered cash flow.
c) BTCF is a levered cash flow, while NOI is an unlevered cash flow.
d) BTCF and NOI are both unlevered cash flows.

What is the relationship between marginal external cost, marginal social cost, and marginal private cost? a. marginal social cost equals marginal private cost plus marginal external cost. b. marginal private cost plus marginal social cost equals marginal external cost. c. marginal social cost plus marginal external cost equals marginal private cost. d. marginal external cost equals marginal private cost minus marginal social cost. marginal external cost a. is expressed in dollars, so it is not an opportunity cost b. is an opportunity cost borne by someone other than the producer c. is equal to two times the marginal private cost d. is a convenient economics concept that is not real

Increases in output and increases in the inflation rate have been linked to

In 1975, mcdonald’s introduced its egg mcmuffin breakfast sandwich, which remains popular and profitable today. this longevity illustrates the idea of: