Rick's Pawn Shop issued 11% bonds, dated January 1, with a face amount of $400,000 on January 1, 2022. The bonds sold for $370,000. For bonds of similar risk and maturity the market yield was 12%. Interest is paid semiannually on June 30 and December 31. Rick's determines interest at the effective rate and elected the option to report these bonds at their fair value. On December 31, 2022, the fair value of the bonds was $365,000, with $2,000 of the change due to a change in general interest rates. Rick's statement of comprehensive income will include: Multiple Choice An unrealized gain from change in the fair value of debt of $3,412. An unrealized gain from change in the fair value of debt of $2,000. An unrealized loss from change in the fair value of debt of $3,412. An unrealized gain from change in the fair value of debt of $5,412.

Reliability and validity reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. in the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways. unfortunately, being consistent in measurement does not necessarily mean that you have measured something correctly. to illustrate this concept, consider a kitchen scale that would be used to measure the weight of cereal that you eat in the morning. if the scale is not properly calibrated, it may consistently under- or overestimate the amount of cereal that’s being measured. while the scale is highly reliable in producing consistent results (e. g., the same amount of cereal poured onto the scale produces the same reading each time), those results are incorrect. this is where validity comes into play. validity refers to the extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure. while any valid measure is by necessity reliable, the reverse is not necessarily true. researchers strive to use instruments that are both highly reliable and valid.