Clark is the senior payroll clerk for Gonzalez Corporation. When preparing the weekly payroll, Clark added the name of Simmons, a fictitious employee, to the payroll list. Lewis, the treasurer of the corporation, signed the payroll checks and delivered them to Clark. Clark distributed checks to the correct employees and kept the one made payable to the order of Simmons. Clark indorsed the name of Simmons to the check, cashed it at Diamond Check Cashing. In this situation:
a. an indorsement was not necessary to negotiate the instrument.
b. the Gonzalez Corporation can seek recovery against Diamond Check Cashing.
c. the forged signature is given the same effect as though it had been authorized by the named payee.
d. Clark is not subject to civil or criminal liability.