Cassie is preparing her federal income tax return. Which of the following items should be excluded from Cassie's gross income?

Royalties received by Cassie for her best-selling novel.

$100,000 in cash received by Cassie when her grandmother died.

Alimony received by Cassie from her ex-husband.

$5,000 of gain resulting from the sale of Cassie's favorite painting.

In 2007, americans smoked 19.2 billion packs of cigarettes. they paid an average retail price of $4.50 per pack. a. given that the elasticity of supply is 0.50.5 and the elasticity of demand is negative 0.4−0.4, derive linear demand and supply curves for cigarettes. the demand equation is qdequals=nothingplus+nothing times ×p and the supply equation is qsequals=nothingplus+nothing times ×p.

Steele bicycle manufacturing company currently produces the handlebars used in manufacturing its bicycles, which are high-quality racing bikes with limited sales. steele produces and sells only 10,000 bikes each year. due to the low volume of activity, steele is unable to obtain the economies of scale that larger producers achieve. for example, steele could buy the handlebars for $31 each: they cost $34 each to make. the following is a detailed breakdown of current production costs: after seeing these figures, steele's president remarked that it would be foolish for the company to continue to produce the handlebars at $34 each when it can buy them for $31 each. calculate the total relevant cost. do you agree with the president's conclusion?

Alicia has a collision deductible of $500 and a bodily injury liability coverage limit of $50,000. she hits another driver and injures them severely. the case goes to trial and there is a verdict to compensate the injured person for $40,000 how much does she pay?