Supply chain inventory: A. increases in cost as materials move downstream. B. decreases in value as materials progress downstream. C. increases in flexibility as materials progress upstream. D. is governed by the bullwhip effect, which says a small change upstream can cause a large change downstream.

Match the various steps in the creative process undertaken by the ad agency for developing the campaign for wpu, to the steps in young's model of the creative process. creative process in developing wpu's campaignyoung's modelafter intensive analysis of the data and several rounds of brainstorming, the agency executives decided to take a break from this project (the wpu campaign), and instead work on a different client's project before tackling the wpu project again. using a combination of animatics and storyboards, the ad agency conducted research with a representative sample of sixty target consumers to pretest the campaign theme and the creative execution. during a brainstorming session in the creative department, a copywriter's suggestion for a slogan for wpu was recognized as an excellent central idea that could drive the campaign for wpu. the account planning, account management and creative departments at the ad agency had a series of meetings and brainstorming sessions to discuss the creative brief and the results of all the primary and secondary research done with the target consumers. the account planning and the account management groups at the ad agency conducted primary research with a representative sample of the target segment and also studied secondary research data to gain insights required for the campaign development process.

Cindy recently played in a softball game in which she misplayed a ground ball for an error. later, in the same game, she made a great catch on a very difficult play. according to the self-serving bias, she would attribute her error to and her good catch to her

If a firm plans to issue new stock, flotation costs (investment bankers' fees) should not be ignored. there are two approaches to use to account for flotation costs. the first approach is to add the sum of flotation costs for the debt, preferred, and common stock and add them to the initial investment cost. because the investment cost is increased, the project's expected return is reduced so it may not meet the firm's hurdle rate for acceptance of the project. the second approach involves adjusting the cost of common equity as follows: . the difference between the flotation-adjusted cost of equity and the cost of equity calculated without the flotation adjustment represents the flotation cost adjustment. quantitative problem: barton industries expects next year's annual dividend, d1, to be $1.90 and it expects dividends to grow at a constant rate g = 4.3%. the firm's current common stock price, p0, is $22.00. if it needs to issue new common stock, the firm will encounter a 6% flotation cost, f. assume that the cost of equity calculated without the flotation adjustment is 12% and the cost of old common equity is 11.5%. what is the flotation cost adjustment that must be added to its cost of retaine